Factional disputes in Congress

#Factional #disputes in Congress

The people of Kerala voted the UDF to power with a strong mandate after ten years of LDF misrule. They expected an efficient governance and a credible alternative and not internal power struggles. It is disappointing to see factional disputes within the Congress overshadowing the government’s early months.

The controversies surrounding the commemoration of Oommen Chandy and the public display of differences among senior leaders have only created confusion and damaged the party’s image. Such internal battles, often amplified by political opponents and sections of the media, amount to a disregard for the trust placed in the UDF by the electorate.

Equally concerning are the growing questions about leadership and governance in the state. At a time when Kerala faces important challenges, public attention is being diverted by political controversies and appeasement politics. Many citizens feel that administrative leadership is not as visible or decisive as expected. Both the Left’s vote-bank politics and the factionalism within sections of the Congress have contributed to the present uncertainty. 

Kerala needs a government focused on development, accountability, and public welfare rather than internal rivalries. The hopes and aspirations of the people can be protected only through stable leadership and effective governance.

K. A. Solaman

Government to shield Lawlessness

#Government to shield lawlessness.

The dynamic of a police uniform being used to shield lawlessness strikes at the very heart of public trust and democratic accountability. The allegations raised by Alappuzha MLA A.D. Thomas highlight a deeply unsettling scenario where a high-ranking official, ADGP M.R. Ajith Kumar, allegedly operated as the architect to suppress justice and derail the investigation into the brutal assault on Youth Congress protestors during the Nava Kerala Sadas. 

When top police brass actively engage in subverting the law they strip the uniform of its institutional integrity. Such actions transcend  administrative misconduct and represent a criminal misuse of power that leaves citizens vulnerable to the very institutions meant to protect them.  

​Equally concerning is the apparent hesitation and "hide-and-seek" approach displayed by the current V.D. Satheesan administration. By hiding behind a shield of legal technicalities, procedural delays, and bureaucratic circularity, the government risks appearing complicit in protecting an influential officer. 

For a ruling administration that came to power promising accountability, allowing an implicated officer to evade immediate disciplinary action while moving closer to a top-tier DGP promotion creates a dangerous precedent. True governance demands swift, uncompromising action against systemic corruption and police brutalit., Any delay only serves to alienate the public and weaken the democratic fabric of the state.  

-K A Solaman

Protecting Classrooms

#Protecting #classrooms

The Tamil Nadu government’s strict decision to ban political activities, external cadres, and ideological campaigns from school campuses is a highly commendable. It is a necessary step toward safeguarding the future of our children.

Classrooms must remain sacred spaces dedicated exclusively to learning, critical thinking, and character building. Allowing outside politicians or party workers to enter schools shifts the focus away from academic excellence and misuses educational institutions as breeding grounds for vote-bank mobilization. 

By closing the gates to external political interference and ensuring that only elected representatives on official duty can enter, the government has rightly prioritized a neutral, safe, and disciplined environment where young minds can grow without being manipulated by partisan agendas.  

​When active politics creeps into schools, the harmful effects on students under 18 are severe and long-lasting. Exposure to toxic political rivalries at such a vulnerable age often replaces healthy peer relationships with intense division, hostility, and even violence. Instead of focusing on their studies and personal growth, young students get distracted by polarizing debates, external propaganda, and protests that disrupt the daily academic calendar.

Forcing minors into the messy world of adult politics robs them of their childhood peace and creates deep emotional and social cracks within the student community. This progressive ban should serve as a national model and be urgently implemented in Kerala and all other states to protect our schools as true temples of learning.

K A Solaman

S Janaki

#S #Janaki

A tribute to the beloved singer who left us, leaving behind an irreparable loss to the Malayalam film and music industry. 

She had settled in the hearts of Malayalis for decades with her sweet and emotional voice, and every song she sang was a part of our lives. When love, longing, devotion and tenderness flowed through that voice, eternal musical feasts that survive time were born.

Although she said goodbye to the world of melodies, the sweetness of that voice will remain immortal on the radio waves and music venues, soothing and comforting the Malayali mind. Despite that irreparable loss, those songs will become a beacon for generations to come.

- K. A. Solaman

Is Kerala in the grip of Drug Mafia

Is.Kerala in the grip of #DrugMafia?

The recent raids like 'Operation Toofan' and the drug cases registered in Kerala are shocking evidence of how deeply rooted the drug mafia is in the state. 

The discovery that drug agents, even disguised as delivery boys, are roaming freely in our school premises and public places is extremely alarming. Even though the government claims to be taking strong steps to eradicate this scourge that has turned an entire generation into drug addicts, the failure of the system that has allowed drug networks to grow so much is evident here. 

The failure of the intelligence systems, which were unable to prevent it in advance even though the mafia gangs were roaming in disguise right in front of the eyes of the law enforcers, is condemnable. While such social disasters are engulfing the state, the indifference and corruption of the previous rulers have added to this decline.

 Kerala is witnessing a spectacle of people sitting on their laurels who were supposed to protect the lives and property of the people . Those who were in the power centers have provided shelter to drug mafias and criminals and have joined hands with anti-people forces to fill their own pockets. 

It is extremely unfortunate and a challenge to democratic values ​​that the former rulers, who indulged in corruption and loot worth crores and have darkened the future of the state's young generation, do not feel any shame or guilt even after many.being arrested in so many cases.

- K. A Solaman

Star controversy: New edition

Star Controversy: New Edition
​Recording a phone conversation without preserving its privacy and making it public can be considered a completely inappropriate act. Talking between friends within the film industry does not have to be official or extremely cautious.

The fact that a popular artist like Ramesh Pisharody misused a normal conversation with his colleague in a friendly manner in this way can only be seen as a personal betrayal. Using such shortcuts to destroy someone politically or personally is a big setback for healthy friendships in the film industry.

​The actress, who was ready to film her childbirth with four cameras for the film, should now suddenly pretend to be a moral advocate and give such a chastity talk should be interpreted as complete absurdity.  It is a bit out of date for those who are willing to do anything for their own gains to publicly hunt down the privacy of others. Instead of discussing the internal affairs of the film industry among themselves, this act of the actress who tried to commit personal assassination in the public should be criticized.
​
The main reason why such controversies have gained so much publicity is the excessive interest and curiosity towards film stars. Malayalis, who see the heroes and heroines of the silver screen as their own family members, make the failures and disputes in their private lives a big topic of discussion.
​
​As for the AMMA, the star organization, it does not benefit the people of Kerala except that it is an organization that works for the welfare of its members. Although the outreach and medical assistance provided to the artistes suffering from disabilities is a great act of charity, there is no doubt that internal disputes within the organization and such controversies damage its image in front of the public.
-K. A. Solaman

PSC corruption

#PSC #Corruption and #AdministrativeFraud

​The irregularities that took place even in higher examinations, including the Kerala Administrative Service (KAS), are a brutal deception against lakhs of candidates. Such massive mismanagement and public betrayal took place under the noses of the governments and ministers who have ruled the state for the past decade. 

The indifference and indirect participation shown by the ministers who should have been responsible for administrative supervision and the high-ranking officials who should have maintained the transparency of the PSC is an unforgivable crime. It is a great shame for the democratic system that the bureaucratic and administrative leadership colluded to ensure backdoor appointments for their own people and those with political influence rather than the hard work of the helpless candidates.

​An urgent and strong investigation is essential to bring the political masters behind these frauds and the high-ranking officials who were complicit in the irregularities to justice.

Moves to protect the real masterminds, ministers and IAS officers, by scapegoating only low-ranking employees should not be allowed. 

Security lapses in the conduct of examinations, question paper leaks and mark manipulation should be thoroughly investigated and exemplary punishment should be ensured for the culprits. Only then can the credibility of the collapsed PSC be restored and justice ensured for the truly qualified candidates who have studied hard.

- K. A. Solaman

Urgent change in education is essential

#Urgent change in education is essential

​The central government's moves to control coaching centers and integrated schools, which have become a big mafia in the current education sector, are extremely welcome and the need of the hour. The multiple choice question system, which stifles the thinking and creativity of children, needs to be completely eliminated and examination methods that include descriptive questions, problems and derivations need to be implemented urgently. 

A national law needs to be brought as soon as possible, taking into account the reality that the method of studying and writing exams without understanding it,  is detrimental to even the basic writing skills of students. Banning topper advertisements featuring film and cricket stars and forcing coaching centers to disclose the qualifications of teachers and the actual success rate will put an end to fraud in this field.

​The country needs a transparent method of selecting the truly brilliant for professional courses by reforming the working methods of schools and through flawless examinations.  This new intervention by the Central Government gives great hope to lakhs of poor and bright children in rural areas who are missing out on opportunities due to their inability to invest lakhs in big coaching centres in metro cities.

We express our full support for these revolutionary moves by the Central Government aimed at protecting our future generation and the educational values ​​of the country from the exploitation of money-grubbing coaching mafias.

- K. A. Solaman

Tears of the poor

#Tears of the poor and politics of the fronts.

The United Democratic Front, which is turning the wheel of government, comes to power under the label of being the protector of the poor, but in practice it deceives the people. This is clear when we see the UDF government supporting the Uralungal Society, which had been occupying public works jobs without giving quotations during the Left government.

Instead of providing better education and employment to the common man and making them self-sufficient, the fronts are trying to turn colleges into bases for their selfish gain through unnecessary protests and violent politics. They are opposing modern education schemes like the centrally sponsored P.M. SHRI School due to political cataracts and are denying the children of the common man the best schools. 

While they send their own children and relatives to foreign universities and large private institutions to secure higher education and positions, they are only providing opportunity for the children of the poor to join the ranks to wave flags and shed blood on the streets. 

 The ruling and opposition parties are supporting the misguided advertisements and unscientific education methods of film and sports stars and corporates by turning quality government-aided colleges and universities into pawns

The fact that no leader dares to utter a word against the Elance-Mammootty, Lakshya-Mohanlal and Sanju Samson, who advertise that commerce studies are the only way out, proves the blatant hypocrisy of the fronts.

The current ruling party, which should have exposed the shortcomings of those who were in power before, is following the same  anti-people policies of the previous government, instead of claiming to be on the side of the poor.

The government does not have the energy to take strong action when poor children in rural areas are deprived of higher education opportunities, including medical admission, or when big business is being exploited in the field of education. They focus only on their own group fights and power-sharing, and see ordinary people as mere vote banks.  The clear proof of this is the free travel for women only in government buses

The ruling party, which is playing politics of compromise in a way that casts a shadow over the frauds and corruptions of the previous regime, is only putting on a show inside and outside the assembly. The reality that these two fronts, which have no connection between words and deeds, are cheating the poor people of Kerala by ruling alternately, needs to be recognized at least now.

-K. A. Solaman

Condemnable Stance

#Kuttanad MLA's stance is condemnable

The Chief Minister's stance that no local holiday will be given for Champakkulam boat race is extremely welcome. If such holidays are declared for local boat races and celebrations in each area, it will become a wrong precedent and will adversely affect the smooth functioning and administrative systems of the country. 

The protests against the Chief Minister's stance by burning effigy in Kuttanad without understanding this reality are completely condemnable. The aggressors and lawbreakers behind such unnecessary protests should be brought to justice as soon as possible and punished in an exemplary manner.

MLA Reji Cherian's current moves confirm the allegation that he has been taking an approach that is holding Kuttanad back in development matters.  The fact that he, who is part of the UDF front and a leader of the Kerala Congress, has come out to openly criticize the decisions of his own government and the Chief Minister is something that is intriguing in the political arena. 

Instead of focusing on the real development needs of the country, this action of the MLA, who is trying to put the government on the defensive by misleading the people and raising emotional issues, is not befitting a representative of the people.

-K.A. Solaman

P.M SHRI Needed

#Education_Reform_Is_needed

The government should urgently come forward to fully implement the PM Shri scheme, which will brighten the future of students and elevate our public education sector to global standards. A people's government should put aside political disputes or egos and prioritize the knowledge and progress of the coming generation.

Denying this golden opportunity to ordinary children to get modern technology and excellent lab facilities for free is tantamount to setting the country back decades. Therefore, the government should adopt a practical approach and prepare to successfully implement this scheme.

The stance of those who, out of political blindness, tear their throats on the streets against development projects that are coming for the good of the country is ridiculous.  As the children of the new age leap into the digital age with the world, their struggle to keep the rusty hand of old ideologies, is as pitiful as fighting their own shadow.

Those who oppose a project just because it has the name of the Centre are actually harming the future of poor students. People realize that such protest clowns, who immediately throw stones at the sight of the light of development, are making fools of themselves by not seeing the writings on the walls of time.

-K. A. Solaman

Nair's criticism

#Sukumaran Nair's criticism is a disgrace.

After being extremely insulted and even personally tried to hunt him down during the election, the stance of NSS General Secretary G. Sukumaran Nair, who is now approaching the Chief Minister for his own needs, is a matter of extreme political hypocrisy and shame. Sukumaran Nair's own arrogance  is evident in calling the Chief Minister an 'impudent' because he did not see the envoys he sent.

Nair should have remembered that a Chief Minister elected by the people has many administrative responsibilities and needs to maintain the dignity of that position. If the previous government or the Chief Minister had offered any kind of benefits, he should have shown the decency to ask for them.  The Chief Minister's energetic stance, which stood firm in his own personality and positions, without giving in to the base criticism of Sukumaran Nair, who is trying to pressure the government through opportunistic positions, following the submissions made earlier, is highly commendable.

-K. A. Solaman

What is gender equality?

#What_is_real_gender_equality​?

The financial security and progress of a family is a responsibility shared equally by both men and women. Therefore, denying men the free travel benefits that women receive limits the overall financial support that the family should receive.

The amount that men can save by getting concessions on travel expenses is ultimately used for other needs of that family. True gender equality should not be about giving benefits to only one group and excluding the other; on the contrary, true social equality can be achieved when men are also allowed concessions in such public systems on the basis of equal justice.

Generalizing and ridiculing an entire group based on personal habits such as drinking is not suitable for democratic governance systems. We must not forget the reality that a large number of men work hard, provide for their families, and are responsible.  The government needs to be prepared to provide care to women as equal citizens, setting aside the prejudice that benefits given to men will be abused. 

True gender equality is a social state that ensures equal rights and benefits for all, regardless of gender.

- K. A. Solaman

Disservice by actors

#Disservice by Actors 

It is deeply disheartening to see cultural icons like Mammootty and Mohanlal lend their immense credibility to aggressive marketing campaigns that paint commerce education as the sole gateway to a prosperous future. 

By endorsing specific private institutions like Elance and Lakshya, these veteran actors capitalize on the profound trust and respect they enjoy across generations of households in Kerala.

For families striving to secure the best possible future for their children, an endorsement from these figures carries the weight of an unwritten guarantee. This exploitation of public trust for personal financial gain ignores the harsh reality that education is not a one-size-fits-all commodity. A lucrative corporate career in commerce is by no means the ultimate path to success for every individual student.

The relentless broadcasting of these course and entrance exam advertisements across TV channels creates a toxic, high-pressure environment that misleads the uninformed public. By aggressively promoting a narrow set of disciplines, these advertisements actively diminish the perceived value of diverse and equally rewarding fields in sciences, humanities, creative arts, and vocational studies. 

This commercialized skewing of educational priorities forces impressionable students into rigid career paths where they may possess neither the aptitude nor the passion. Ultimately it sets them up for academic burnout and emotional distress. 

When influential celebrities and media networks prioritize corporate profit over social commitment, they perform a profound disservice to society, turning the noble pursuit of learning into a misleading, high-stakes marketplace.

-K.A Solaman.

Operation Toofan

#Operation #Toofan

The fight waged by the Satheesan government against the drug mafia that is devouring the youth of the state through the strict mission 'Operation Toofan' is highly commendable. 

There is no doubt that the previous government is responsible for the current horrific situation where schools and college premises have fallen into the clutches of the drug mafia and a large number of eighteen and nineteen year old teenagers have become criminals. The serious lapses and indifference shown by the previous government in preventing the spread of drugs during their rule have led to the lives of so many youths going astray. 

In this context, the will of the new government, which has coordinated the Police and Excise to register dozens of cases daily and has already imprisoned more than a thousand criminals, gives great hope to Kerala. 

People hope that the government will continue this uncompromising fight until the roots of drug addiction are completely uprooted and the future of the State. will be secured. 

 - K. A. Solaman

പകപോക്കലിന് അന്ത്യം

#പകപോക്കലിന് #അന്ത്യം

മുൻ പിണറായി സർക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് അരങ്ങേറിയ കടുത്ത ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥ വേട്ടയ്ക്കും ഭരണഘടനാവിരുദ്ധ നടപടികൾക്കും അന്ത്യം കുറിച്ചുകൊണ്ട്, ഐഎഎസ് ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥരായ എൻ. പ്രശാന്ത്, ബി. അശോക് എന്നിവരുടെ സസ്പെൻഷൻ പിൻവലിച്ച മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി വി.ഡി. സതീശന്റെ നടപടി അങ്ങേയറ്റം സ്വാഗതാർഹവും ആർജവമുള്ളതുമാണ്. 

കേവലം വ്യക്തിപരമായ ഈഗോകളുടെയും രാഷ്ട്രീയ താല്പര്യങ്ങളുടെയും പേരിൽ ഉന്നത ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥരുടെ ഭാഗം പോലും കേൾക്കാതെ അവരെ പുകച്ചുപുറത്തുചാടിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ച മുൻ സർക്കാരിന്റെ ശൈലി ജനാധിപത്യത്തിന് ഒട്ടും യോജിച്ചതായിരുന്നില്ല. ചീഫ് സെക്രട്ടറിയായിരുന്ന ഡോ. എ. ജയതിലകിന്റെ ഏകപക്ഷീയമായ ശുപാർശകൾക്ക് കുടപിടിച്ചുകൊണ്ട്, ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥർക്ക് തങ്ങളുടെ ഭാഗം വിശദീകരിക്കാൻ പോലും അവസരം നൽകാതെ നാടകം കളിച്ച പിണറായി സർക്കാർ, ഭരണസംവിധാനത്തെ പൂർണ്ണമായും തകിടം മറിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു.

 മാധ്യമങ്ങളോട് സംസാരിച്ചതിനും സമൂഹമാധ്യമങ്ങളിൽ പ്രതികരിച്ചതിനും പ്രതികാരബുദ്ധിയോടെയുള്ള ഇത്തരം അച്ചടക്ക നടപടികൾ എടുത്തത് ഭരണരംഗത്തെ ദാസ്യപ്പണിയെ പ്രോത്സാഹിപ്പിക്കാൻ മാത്രമായിരുന്നു.

​എന്നാൽ, അധികാരമേറ്റയുടൻ തന്നെ ഈ വിഷയത്തിൽ അടിയന്തരമായി ഇടപെടുകയും, ഫയലിൽ ഒപ്പിട്ട് നീതി നടപ്പാക്കുകയും ചെയ്ത യുഡിഎഫ് സർക്കാരിന്റെയും മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി വി.ഡി. സതീശന്റെയും സമീപനം ശ്ലാഘനീയവും മാതൃകാപരവുമാണ്. 

ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥർക്ക് സ്വാഭാവിക നീതി ഉറപ്പാക്കിക്കൊണ്ട് ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥ മേധാവിത്വത്തിന്റെ ധാർഷ്ട്യത്തിന്മേൽ ജനകീയ സർക്കാർ ഏൽപ്പിച്ച ശക്തമായ പ്രഹരമാണിത്. മുൻ സർക്കാരിന്റെ കാലത്ത് ഭയത്തിന്റെ നിഴലിൽ കഴിഞ്ഞിരുന്ന സിവിൽ സർവീസ് ഉദ്യോഗസ്ഥർക്ക് നിർഭയമായും ആത്മാഭിമാനത്തോടെയും ജോലി ചെയ്യാനുള്ള അന്തരീക്ഷമാണ് പുതിയ സർക്കാർ ഒരുക്കി നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. പ്രതികാര രാഷ്ട്രീയത്തിന് വിട നൽകി, ജനാധിപത്യ മൂല്യങ്ങളും സുതാര്യതയും ഉയർത്തിപ്പിടിക്കുന്ന യുഡിഎഫ് സർക്കാരിന്റെ ഈ ദ്രുത പ്രവർത്തനം കേരളത്തിന്റെ ഭരണചരിത്രത്തിലെ തിളക്കമാർന്നൊരു അധ്യായമാണ്

- കെ എ സോളമൻ

Artificial Intelligence and Actual stupidity

#Artificial. #Intelligence and #Actual #Stupidity.

​The economist feels heartburn when he remembers what a tough hand the UDF has shown. Was it because the calculators here were not enough to calculate the public debt and economic condition of Kerala for the past ten years that they really launched ‘Artificial Intelligence’? This ruling party has not even had the common knowledge that if all the information is processed in a computer, it will be read by Trump or Vance sitting in some server room in America.

When we use the Internet, Google Maps and Gmail, our eyes fill with tears when we see the innocence of our revolutionary scientist who believes that no one sees any data and that information will be stolen only when AI touches it.  In the past, when Kerala’s rivers, ponds and roads were given to an American company in the name of ‘data collection’, it was a revolutionary development, but when the ruling party sought AI’s help to issue a white paper, it was treason. This amphibious economics is truly a miracle!

In any case, no matter how much we praise the state government’s financial management and white paper, we cannot be satisfied. It has been proven that no artificial intelligence can challenge this inimitable economic model that has emptied the treasury and is waiting for the gifts of the center to pay salaries and pensions.

When KSRTC and Supplyco are almost closed due to human natural intelligence, why is this artificial intelligence being used? Our traditional ‘no file movement’ system, where files are kept in red tape for years and left to rot, is world-class.  Even if Thomasji Isaacji, who tried to scare the unsuspecting public with the AI ​​ghost by showing them that life in the file should remain there, was not awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics based on this statement, we should at least honor him by giving him a ‘Hasya Sahitya Akademi’ award.

-K A Solaman

Part of political culture

Part of Political Culture
Minister Adv. Bindu Krishna's visit to Vellappally Natesan should be evaluated in the context of community consensus and social realities beyond political controversies.

It is a normal democratic process for a public representative or leader to visit prominent personalities and community leaders of the society they represent. Political differences or distance between parties should not be a barrier to such social meetings. Visiting the home of a prominent community leader like Vellappally Natesan can only be seen as part of personal relationships or social gatherings.

In a democratic society, there is little point in unnecessarily politicizing and criticizing such visits; rather, it should be understood as part of mutual respect, open debate and a healthy political culture.
- K. A. Solaman

Digital political drama

#Digital political drama

The rapid rise of the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP) shows how digital platforms can sometimes be misused in ways that weaken serious public discussion. By using viral memes, artificial intelligence, and sensational social media campaigns, the movement often turns important national issues into entertainment and creates public anger without offering clear solutions.

Since much of its activity happens online without proper transparency or accountability, such movements can increase division among people and weaken healthy democratic discussion. When local political issues are exaggerated and spread internationally, it can also attract outside interference and create problems for the country’s internal stability.

Public protests and political activism should focus on meaningful dialogue, genuine public representation, and respect for law and order. Organizing street protests under a satirical or parody-style political banner, especially when linked to larger political interests, can disturb public peace, affect everyday life, and avoid the normal democratic processes of the country.

Any attempt to turn online trends into street-level political confrontation must strictly follow the law. Authorities should take necessary steps to prevent unlawful unrest, maintain public harmony, and protect internal security from being affected by digital political drama.

— K.A. Solaman

Kunnathunadu eviction

#Kunnathnadu #Eviction 

​In the dispute related to the 2 acres 65 cents of land in Kunnathnadu hilly area, the current UDF government is legally bound to implement the verdict of the Honorable Supreme Court. While neither the residents of the disputed land nor the protesters have the right to defy the verdict of the Supreme Court, the government is trying to find a smooth solution by accurately convincing the court of the current conflict situation. 

The current government, which has full sympathy for the people living in the area, is committed to finding another suitable place for them to resettle and resolve the issue peacefully, keeping in mind humanitarian considerations. The government is moving forward with sincere efforts to allay the concerns of the people while respecting the court verdict. 

​However, the CPM, which previously ruled, is trying to use this issue as a weapon for political exploitation based on the people.  It is shameful that the Left rulers, who, despite having 14 opportunities when they were in power, did not take any steps to find a permanent solution to this  problem, are suddenly taking the stage with a protest after losing power. Instead of working together with the government to solve the problem, their only goal is to exploit the emotions of the people and gain political advantage. 

The people will surely recognize this drama that is being played out now by those who did nothing in the past and were in the dark.

- K. A. Solaman